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Bibliographic Information

Effects of ingredients on cigarette smoke composition and biological activity: a literature overview. Paschke, Thilo; Scherer, Gerhard; Heller, Wolf-Dieter. Scientific Department, Verband der Cigarettenindustrie, Berlin, Germany. Beitraege zur Tabakforschung International (2002), 20(3), 107-247. CODEN: BTAID3 ISSN: 0173-783X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 138:20599 AN 2002:747349 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A review on published scientific studies of the effects of tobacco product ingredients and various exptl. additives on cigarette smoke compn. and its biol. activity. The format of this work is that of an uncommented ref. paper rather than a crit. scientific review. Therefore, the mention of an ingredient in this survey does not imply that it is used by the tobacco industry or that it is covered by any existing national regulations. A broad range of scientific papers and patents on tobacco ingredients is included as well as studies on exptl. ingredients. This review may provide public health officials as well as scientists in government agencies and in the tobacco industry with a helpful overview of published information on tobacco product ingredients, their transfer into mainstream cigarette smoke, pyrolysis products, and influence on the biol. activity of mainstream cigarette smoke.

Bibliographic Information

Cigarette smoke composition. Part 2. Method for determining major components in smoke of cigarettes that heat instead of burn tobacco. Borgerding, Michael F.; Milhous, L. Arthur, Jr.; Hicks, Richard D.; Giles, J. A. Bowman Gray Tech. Cent., R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA. Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990), 73(4), 610-15. CODEN: JANCA2 ISSN: 0004-5756. Journal written in English. CAN 113:149086 AN 1990:549086 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A method is described for detg. major constituents in the smoke of a cigarette that heats, but does not burn, tobacco. Dual, simultaneous sepns. are performed in a single gas chromatog. oven to det. water, glycerol, nitotine, and propylene glycol in a rapid and cost-effective manner. A materials balance of new cigarette smoke total particulate matter was attempted from both Cambridge filter and electrostatic pptn. smoke collection data. Serious deficiencies were found when Cambridge filter smoke collection was applied for this purpose. Electrostatic pptn. smoke collection eliminated these problems. The data obtained by electrostatic pptn. smoke collection indicate that water, glycerol, nicotine, and propylene glycol make up about 94% of new cigarette smoke total particulate matter.

Bibliographic Information

Cigarette smoke composition. Part 1. Limitations of FTC method when applied to cigarettes that heat instead of burn tobacco. Borgerding, Michael F.; Hicks, Richard D.; Bodnar, James E.; Riggs, Dennis M.; Nanni, Edward J.; Fulp, George W., Jr.; Hamlin, William C., Jr.; Giles, J. A. Bowman Gray Tech. Cent., R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA. Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990), 73(4), 605-9. CODEN: JANCA2 ISSN: 0004-5756. Journal written in English. CAN 113:149085 AN 1990:549085 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

The design of a new cigarette that heats rather than burns tobacco calls for modifications to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method for anal. smoking. These changes include eliminating sample conditioning at 75F and 60% RH, exercising greater care in lighting cigarettes, and smoking cigarettes to self-extinguishment rather than to a predetd. butt length as a measure of complete consumption. By several gross anal. measures, smoke condensation from the new cigarette differs substantially from that of tobacco-burning cigarettes. This is inferred from the lack of coloration of smoke condensate collected on Cambridge filters. Elemental anal. demonstrates reduced carbon and nitrogen content concurrent with increased hydrogen. Thermogravimetric anal. shows almost quant. wt. loss at Tmax = 220. UV spectrophotometric anal. shows greatly reduced levels of tobacco-derived smoke components and qual. differences in chem. entities being measured. By design, the heat required for smoke formation is supplied by a carbon heat source embedded in the cigarette tip. Tobacco contained in the cigarette is not burned and is exposed to temp. less than 300. Thus, it is apparent that smoke from the new cigarette contains little or no tar as tar is classically defined, and that the FTC method even as modified to account for cigarette design differences is appropriate only for detn. of nicotine and CO yielded from this cigarette.

Bibliographic Information

Effect of tobacco characteristics on cigarette smoke composition. Tso, T. C.; Gori, G. B. Plant Sci. Res. Div., Agric. Res. Serv., Beltsville, MD, USA. Editor(s): Schmeltz, Irvin. Chem. Tob. Tob. Smoke, Proc. Symp. (1972), Meeting Date 1971, 51-63. Publisher: Plenum Press, New York, N. Y CODEN: 25NCA2 Conference written in English. CAN 77:111704 AN 1972:511704 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

Two groups of exptl. cigarets were used to examine the effects of leaf tobacco characteristics on cigaret smoke compn. One group consisted of 32 straight flue-cured cigarets, the other of 23 blends involving many variables. Correlations among leaf and smoke variables and multiple regression of total tar, total particulate matter, and smoke nicotine with leaf variables were measured. The data suggest that total N, K, and cellulose content in flue-cured cigarets are major factors affecting total particulate matter delivery. Waxes, polyphenols, and free histidine are the major factors affecting the total particulate matter delivery in the blend cigarets.

Bibliographic Information

Alteration of cigarette smoke composition. II. Influence of cigarette design. Terrell, James H.; Schmeltz, Irwin. Houdry Lab., Air Prod. and Chem., Inc., Linwood, PA, USA. Tobacco Science (1970), 170(23), 82-5. CODEN: TOSCAV Journal written in English. CAN 73:73983 AN 1970:473983 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

Alteration of the phys. design of the cigarette changes the compn. of the vapor phase of the smoke. The extent to which air can infiltrate the paper or channel between the burn cone and the paper seems to be the significant factor affecting the combustion products. Changing porosity of the paper, the effective length of the cigarette, or by reorienting the packing of the tobacco within the cigarette provide means for regulating this channeling. Holes in either the paper or in the filter or fieltered cigarettes accomplishes a similar effect. Cigarettes modified to give less air drawn through the combustion zone lower av. burn temp. as well as a greater no. of puffs.

Bibliographic Information

Alteration of cigarette smoke composition. I. Influence of certain additives. Terrell, James H.; Schmeltz, Irwin. Houdry Lab., Air Prod. and Chem., Inc., Linwood, PA, USA. Tobacco Science (1970), 14 78-81. CODEN: TOSCAV Journal written in English. CAN 73:64482 AN 1970:464482 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

Among additives to a com. blend of cigarette tobacco at a level of 8-10%, those which supply O to the combustion process influence to some extent the compn. of the smoke gas. The tobacco was removed from cigarettes and blended with the powd. additive. Non-filter 85 mm cigarettes were made, smoked under standard conditions, and the 5th puff analyzed. NaNO3, nickel oxalate, and basic MgCO3 were most effective in changing gas compn. They tended to reduce combustion temp. and increase concns. of combustion products. None of the additives tested removed from the vapor phase any significant amts. of the substances regarded as detrimental to health. Other substances tested were: a reforming catalyst (MoO3 and Al2O3), lead borate glass, benzothiazyl disulfide, catalyst HZ-1, and azobisisobutyronitrile.

Bibliographic Information

The composition of cigarette smoke: a retrospective, with emphasis on polycyclic components. Rodgman A; Smith C J; Perfetti T A Fundamental Research, R&D, RJRT Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103-3410, USA Human & experimental toxicology (2000 Oct), 19(10), 573-95. Journal code: 9004560. ISSN:0960-3271. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW) written in English. PubMed ID 11211997 AN 2001224538 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

The difficulties encountered in extrapolating biological activity from cigarette smoke composition provide generally applicable lessons as they are representative of the problems encountered with other complex mixtures. Researchers attempting to assess risk are faced with attempting to interpret data from a number of areas including: tobacco science; smoke/aerosol chemistry specific to tobacco; sophisticated analytical chemistry applications and techniques for trapping, collecting, separating, and quantifying very specific compounds at nanogram to picogram levels; numerous biological testing methodologies; and animal models of tumors and carcinogenesis. Numerous hypotheses have been developed over the past five decades and tested with the technology of the day in attempts to interpret the biological activity of cigarette smoke in relation to the chemistry of this complex mixture. These hypotheses fall into several categories discussed in this review: mechanisms of pyrogenesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tobacco smoke; levels of PAHs in cigarette mainstream smoke (MS) and its tumorigenicity in mouse skin-painting experiments; control of PAH levels in MS; chemical indicators of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) tumorigenicity; control of levels of MS components partitioned between the vapor phase and particulate phase of MS; tumorigenic threshold limits of CSC and many of its components; tumorigenic aza-arenes in tobacco smoke; MS components reported to be ciliastatic to smokers' respiratory tract cilia; anticarcinogenic tobacco-smoke components. Of 52 hypotheses reviewed in this paper, 15 have excellent data supporting the hypothesis based on today's technology. The remaining 37 hypotheses, although originally plausible, have since become insupportable in light of new and contradictory data generated over the years. Such data were generated sometimes by the original authors of the hypotheses and sometimes by other investigators.
The hypotheses presented today are less likely to be supplanted because they are well conceived and have a strong mechanistic basis. The challenge for the future is the generation and interpretation of data relating the chemistry and biological activity associated with the dynamic and complex mixture of tobacco smoke.

Bibliographic Information

Cigarette smoke composition. Part 2. Method for determining major components in smoke of cigarettes that heat instead of burn tobacco. Borgerding M F; Milhous L A Jr; Hicks R D; Giles J A R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Bowman Gray Technical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27102 Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990 Jul-Aug), 73(4), 610-5. Journal code: 7505559. ISSN:0004-5756. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 2211484 AN 91008857 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A method is described for determining major constituents in the smoke of a cigarette that heats, but does not burn, tobacco. Dual, simultaneous separations are performed in a single gas chromatographic oven to determine water, glycerol, nicotine, and propylene glycol in a rapid and cost-effective manner. A materials balance of new cigarette smoke total particulate matter was attempted from both Cambridge filter and electrostatic precipitation smoke collection data. Serious deficiencies were found when Cambridge filter smoke collection was applied for this purpose. Electrostatic precipitation smoke collection eliminated these problems. The data obtained by electrostatic precipitation smoke collection indicate that water, glycerol, nicotine, and propylene glycol make up about 94% of new cigarette smoke total particulate matter.

Bibliographic Information

Cigarette smoke composition. Part 1. Limitations of FTC method when applied to cigarettes that heat instead of burn tobacco. Borgerding M F; Hicks R D; Bodnar J E; Riggs D M; Nanni E J; Fulp G W Jr; Hamlin W C Jr; Giles J A R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., Bowman Gray Technical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27102 Journal - Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990 Jul-Aug), 73(4), 605-9. Journal code: 7505559. ISSN:0004-5756. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 2211483 AN 91008856 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

The design of a new cigarette that heats rather than burns tobacco calls for modifications to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method for analytical smoking. These changes include eliminating sample conditioning at 75 degrees F and 60% RH, exercising greater care in lighting cigarettes, and smoking cigarettes to self-extinguishment rather than to a predetermined butt length as a measure of complete consumption. By several gross analytical measures, smoke condensate from the new cigarette differs substantially from that of tobacco-burning cigarettes. This is inferred from the lack of coloration of smoke condensate collected on Cambridge filters. Elemental analysis demonstrates reduced carbon and nitrogen content concurrent with increased hydrogen. Thermogravimetric analysis shows almost quantitative weight loss at Tmax = 220 degrees C. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric analysis shows greatly reduced levels of tobacco-derived smoke components and qualitative differences in chemical entities being measured. By design, the heat required for smoke formation is supplied by a carbon heat source embedded in the cigarette tip. Tobacco contained in the cigarette is not burned and is exposed to temperature less than 300 degrees C. Thus, it is apparent (1) that smoke from the new cigarette contains little or no "tar" as tar is classically defined, and (2) that the FTC method even as modified to account for cigarette design differences is appropriate only for determination of nicotine and carbon monoxide yielded from this cigarette.

Bibliographic Information

Nicotine and cigarette smoking: an alternative hypothesis. Chamberlain A T; Higenbottam T W Medical hypotheses (1985 Aug), 17(4), 285-97. Journal code: 7505668. ISSN:0306-9877. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 4046900 AN 86013706 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

Abstract

A new hypothesis is presented to explain some aspects of human smoking behaviour. While acknowledging the importance of the nicotine self-titration phenomenon, changes in puffing intensity during the smoking of a single cigarette are related not to the control of nicotine uptake but to the modification of cigarette smoke composition prior to inhalation. It is suggested that nicotine, in addition to its central effects, has the local action of reducing the acute airway response to irritant components of cigarette smoke. The new hypothesis explains some of the 'anomalous' results of smoking behaviour research, and has implications both for cigarette design and for the recommendations made to smokers by statutory health agencies.